The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II and emerged as a superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian SFSR became the largest and the principal constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. By the 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to evolve into the Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in history. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, and among its principalities, the Grand Duchy of Moscow rose during the 15th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. The medieval state of Kievan Rus' arose in the 9th century. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city entirely within Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the country's second-largest city and is the cultural centre. It is the ninth-most populous country and the most populous country in Europe, with a population of 145.5 million. Russia extends across eleven time zones and borders sixteen sovereign nations, the most of any country in the world.
It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,125,191 square kilometres (6,612,073 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Rossiya, pronounced ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.
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